L'expérience esthétique de l'environnement : une tension sociopolitique entre l'ordinaire et l'extraordinaire ?

Concernant la dimension esthétique des relations des hommes à leur environnement, deux lectures dominent la littérature scientifique : d'un côté, une esthétique qui serait l'apanage d'un regard distancié, associée à l'idée d' « extraordinaire » ; de l'autre côté, une esthétique qui, à force de puiser dans l'ordinaire, finirait par s'y dissoudre au profit d'autres valeurs dominantes utilitaires. À partir d'une analyse d'expériences de villégiature dans des contextes très différents, nous exposons que la dimension esthétique des relations des hommes à leur environnement peut être appréhendée comme une manifestation de la mise en tension entre ordinaire et extraordinaire. Une telle position permet de prendre toute la mesure de la dimension politique de l'esthétique, que l'expérience esthétique se fonde sur l'exclusion « d'autres » ou qu'elle se nourrisse « d'autres » et des liens sociaux qui les unissent. / When we consider aesthetics in human relationships with the physical environment as addressed in scientific literature, two leading approaches emerge. On the one hand aesthetics would appear to be the prerogative of a distanciated look and linked to the notion of extraordinary. On the other, aesthetics would be so immersed in "ordinary life" that if finally dissolves in it and vanishes behind other leading values, such as utilitarian ones. That is particularly obvious in studies of local people's aesthetical experiences. In this paper, we argue that there could be a third way between these two approaches to understanding the aesthetical dimension of human relationships with the environment. We analysed semi-directive interviews with people in two contrasted situations: mountain hikers in the Pyrénées and holiday-makers in the Sensée marshes of northern France. We point out that aesthetics in people's relationships with their physical environment may be seen as manifesting the tension between ordinary and extraordinary. This enables us to perceive the importance of the political dimension of aesthetics, whether visible (experience of a place explicitly incorporates the social relationships that take place in it), or concealed behind an aesthetical experience that appears to be very direct, material and autonomous

The strategic turn of Organic Farming in Europe : a resource based approach of Organic Marketing Initiatives

International audienceThis paper explores the Organic farming " s development potential in Europe by analysing the enterprises capacities to reach a workable structure of the supply chains, in order to market good products at reasonable prices. This study has been carried out in the framework of the OMIaRD project, which aimed to assess the impact of the Organic Marketing Initiatives on Rural Development. The results show that, after a growing phase, most of the OMIs meet strategic problems linked to their ability to face an increasing of collected, processed and marketed volumes. This strategic turn point leads them to take decisions together with their stakeholders, so as the economical and ethical goals are not questioned by the changes to be implemented

Controlling the Frequency-Temperature Sensitivity of a Cryogenic Sapphire Maser Frequency Standard by Manipulating Fe3+ Spins in the Sapphire Lattice

To create a stable signal from a cryogenic sapphire maser frequency standard, the frequency-temperature dependence of the supporting Whispering Gallery mode must be annulled. We report the ability to control this dependence by manipulating the paramagnetic susceptibility of Fe3+ ions in the sapphire lattice. We show that the maser signal depends on other Whispering Gallery modes tuned to the pump signal near 31 GHz, and the annulment point can be controlled to exist between 5 to 10 K depending on the Fe3+ ion concentration and the frequency of the pump. This level of control has not been achieved previously, and will allow improvements in the stability of such devices.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figure

Spatio-temporal patterns of juveniles in EU Purse sein fleet catch targetting tropical tunas over the period 1990-2019

The knowledge of the juvenile distribution in fisheries is essential to better manage the fishing effort on a stock. The exploration of a large dataset which covers 30 years of the purse seine fishery sampling enabled to study the spatio-temporal dynamic of the juvenile catches of the yellowfin and bigeye tunas. Results showed the existence of several areas of prime importance in terms of catch and concentration in juveniles with seasonal variations. Thus, the south of the fishing ground (Cape Lopez) was fished during winter month and the north during summer months (Cape Verde, Senegal y Mauritania). Offshore coastal zone and Gulf of Guinea were fished almost all along the year. This seasonal pattern is quite stable since the 90s but the proportion of juveniles in schools associated with floating objects tended to increase in both species. This preliminary study opened the way for further research on this important component of the fish stocks.Versión del edito

A Multiwavelength Consensus on the Main Sequence of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2

We compare various star formation rate (SFR) indicators for star-forming galaxies at $1.4<z<2.5$ in the COSMOS field. The main focus is on the SFRs from the far-IR (PACS-Herschel data) with those from the ultraviolet, for galaxies selected according to the BzK criterion. FIR-selected samples lead to a vastly different slope of the SFR-stellar mass ($M_*$) relation, compared to that of the dominant main sequence population as measured from the UV, since the FIR selection picks predominantly only a minority of outliers. However, there is overall agreement between the main sequences derived with the two SFR indicators, when stacking on the PACS maps the BzK-selected galaxies. The resulting logarithmic slope of the SFR-{$M_*$} relation is $\sim0.8-0.9$, in agreement with that derived from the dust-corrected UV-luminosity. Exploiting deeper 24$\mu$m-Spitzer data we have characterized a sub-sample of galaxies with reddening and SFRs poorly constrained, as they are very faint in the $B$ band. The combination of Herschel with Spitzer data have allowed us to largely break the age/reddening degeneracy for these intriguing sources, by distinguishing whether a galaxy is very red in B-z because of being heavily dust reddened, or whether because star formation has been (or is being) quenched. Finally, we have compared our SFR(UV) to the SFRs derived by stacking the radio data and to those derived from the H$\alpha$ luminosity of a sample of star-forming galaxies at $1.4<z<1.7$. The two sets of SFRs are broadly consistent as they are with the SFRs derived from the UV and by stacking the corresponding PACS data in various mass bins.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA

The Fourth Positive System of Carbon Monoxide in the Hubble Space Telescope Spectra of Comets

The rich structure of the Fourth Positive System (A-X) of carbon monoxide accounts for many of the spectral features seen in long slit HST-STIS observations of comets 153P/Ikeya-Zhang, C/2001 Q4 (NEAT), and C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR), as well as in the HST-GHRS spectrum of comet C/1996 B2 Hyakutake. A detailed CO fluorescence model is developed to derive the CO abundances in these comets by simultaneously fitting all of the observed A-X bands. The model includes the latest values for the oscillator strengths and state parameters, and accounts for optical depth effects due to line overlap and self-absorption. The model fits yield radial profiles of CO column density that are consistent with a predominantly native source for all the comets observed by STIS. The derived CO abundances relative to water in these comets span a wide range, from 0.44% for C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR), 7.2% for 153P/Ikeya-Zhang, 8.8% for C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) to 20.9% for C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake). The subtraction of the CO spectral features using this model leads to the first identification of a molecular hydrogen line pumped by solar HI Lyman-beta longward of 1200A in the spectrum of comet 153P/Ikeya-Zhang. (Abridged)Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, ApJ accepte